The purpose of this study was to identify the financial Barriers in professional sports. The methodology of this research was qualitative with the phenomenological approach and the required information was obtained, using documentary studies and semi-structured interviews. The statistical population was university professors with specialization in sports management, economics, and entrepreneurship, the sport's senior managers and career professionals, and senior managers of corporations and investment funds. The sampling method was non-random and purposeful. We continued interviews with experts to reach the theoretical saturation (20 interviews). Finally, 10 financing Barriers were identified, as follows: inefficient economies, financial challenges, management challenges, legal & regulatory challenges, lack of transparency, statehood, Apolitisme, corruption, and challenges of attitudes and knowledge. We categorized the Barriers in two main categories: functional Barriers and fundamental Barriers. According to the findings, it is possible to develop a desirable financing model for Iran's professional sport through planning and action in order to overcome these Barriers.

Every company should think about producing new goods, the pAdvances in communication technology have led to changes in business practices. Shared businesses are a new way of presenting products through a platform in the virtual environment. In this business, people's assets are shared on a peer-to-peer basis. In addition to generating revenue, this business has created employment, increased productivity, reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution in the world. This study tries to investigate the Barriers to the development of shared businesses in Tehran. The research method in this study is qualitative and the data collection tool is a semi-structured interview. The informed statistical population includes 30 university lecturers, elites, graduates, entrepreneurs and manufacturers. The subjects of the recorded interviews were extracted by the lecturers of the Business Management Department and analyzed using the network themes method in MAXQDA software. Findings show that 64 Barriers have been identified as the basic themes and after reviewing the opinions of experts, these Barriers have been classified into 6 main themes. These Barriers are: trust Barriers, technology Barriers, knowledge and information Barriers, economic Barriers, political Barriers and managerial Barriers.

The emergence of entrepreneurial university is the result of inner development of university, impact of external factors on university, and increasing importance of knowledge and innovation in society. This study aimed Identifying and ranking the Barriers to Entrepreneurial University Ecosystem Development in Iran. This was a based on the sequential exploratory mixed method and in two sections of qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative section used grounded theory method and in quantitative approach researchers used correlational method. The population consisted of and professors, managers of entrepreneurship centers, growth and science and technology parks, industry department authorities, and PhD candidates in Tehran, Beheshti and Allameh Tabatabei University. Using purposeful sampling method. Using purposeful sampling method, 20 people were selected as key informants. The data were collected through and semi-structured interview. two methods including reviewing accountable validity and external were used to obtain validity and reliability of data. The data were analyzed by open, axial, and selective coding. At initial stage, 96 conceptual propositions were obtained; in second stage, they were classified in 26 categories. At axial coding stage, 6 key items were counted. Financial, structural, research, administrative, communication, traditional education and organizational culture were approved using factor loading, extraction mean variance and high convergence validity (0. 4), z high coefficients (1. 96), coefficient of determination (R2) and goodness of fit (GoF= 0. 56).

The purpose of this research is to identify Barriers of defensive technological innovative system managment. The present study population consisted of researchers, faculty members, experts and experts in military technology. 100 of them were identified and 80 were selected by simple random sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, experts suggestion and recommendation were used for the questionnaires' and the ordering of the questions. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0. 98. The results of one-dimensional t-test showed that defensive notification policies, innovation capacity, operational dimension of innovation, and knowledge, tactics and defense theories are the main prerequisites for defensive technological innovative system managment. The results showed that Barriers of policies, Barriers of innovation capacity, Barriers of operational dimension of innovation, and knowledge, tactics and defense theories Barriers of innovation, Barriers of sensemaking, Barriers of design, Barriers of technology &, Barriers of knowledge breakthrough are the most important dimensions and main variables of the Identifying Barriers of defensive technological innovative system management.

The main topic of this research is Identifying obstacles to the commercialization of knowledge and technology. The importance of this is because, with the emergence of knowledge based economy, higher education policies have undergone changes that led universities to attain a competitive advantage and increase resources that play a role in global markets. This can be achieved through the commercialization of research and technological achievements. The main objective of this research is to identify and rank Barriers to the commercialization of knowledge and technology at the University of Isfahan. This research is descriptive-survey based on the nature of the application. The statistical population of the study was 141 faculty members of Isfahan University that are involved in commercialization projects. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified by 5 experts and the validity of the construct was verified by confirmatory factor analysis using Liserl software. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0. 89. The structural equation test was used to study the hypotheses of this research. The results at 95% confidence level indicated that structural, behavioral and environmental Barriers to commercialization in the University of Isfahan had a reverse effect. Also, the Friedman test was used to rank the Barriers that are structural-organizational Barriers, behavioral-content, contextual-environmental, were ranked in order of preferences.

Children’ s questioning is the beginning of awareness and thinking and the family plays a significant role in its development. Negative or neutral attitude towards this issue hinders children’ s questioning. This study aimed to identify family Barriers to student questioning in primary school. This was a descriptive-analytical study which was carried out with an exploratory approach. The population of the study comprised all sixth grade students in Qom (N= 16150). Using Krejcie and Morgan table and multi-stage cluster sampling method, 427 students were selected as the sample. The instrument included a researcher-made questionnaire on family Barriers to student questioning. The validity of measure was evaluated by academics and experts and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test (0. 79). The collected data were analyzed by factor analysis. The results showed that “ not encouraging children to ask questions and not assisting children in scientific issues” (factor loading= 2. 964 and explained variance=19. 429 percent) and “ rigor and strict control of children’ s activities at home” (factor loading=0. 755 and explained variance= 6. 086 percent) were the most and least influential Barriers to student questioning. In general, the findings indicated that the family has failed to fulfill its significant role in promotion of children reflection, critical thinking, and questioning.

This research designs a model for Identifying and Analyzing of Strategy Implementation Barriers in Saman Bank. At first, the theoretical principals and concepts are reviewed and then measuring indicators of each index and dimension are derived by the literature review. Then the indices are confirmed by focus group and qualitative method. The statistical sample consists of 290 managers, deans and experts of staff and branches in saman bank of Tehran. Data is gathred through questionnaire which is confirmed by Chronbach's alpha coefficient and Content Validity and finally analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that 10 key factors are the most important Barriers of strategy implementation, human resource, managerial and strategic factors are the most 3 important Barriers and then structural, communicational, cultural, process, commercial intelligence and information system, time and project, and finance are the other factors, respctively.

The main purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors that directly or indirectly hinder the attraction of investment in Fars province. In order to identify these factors, 35 factors were first extracted from those that were more emphasized in the theoretical literature and empirical studies, and then in the form of the Delphi first round questionnaire, twelve experts were selected using purposive judgment. At the end of the first round of Delphi, except for the "infrastructure weaknesses (transportation, power supply, etc. )", all other factors were agreed upon. The eliminated factor of first round of Delphi was transferred to the second round and since there was no agreement on this factor in the second round, it was generally excluded from the investors' questionnaire. Investors' questionnaire with 34 items was then prepared. The questionnaire was given to 300 active investors in Shiraz Industrial City and investors active elsewhere in Fars province. Finally, the responses received from investors were prioritized using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA). The results show that "difficulty in obtaining loans from banks", "volatility in commodity prices", "investment insecurity", "exchange rate instability", and "bureaucracy and unnecessary formalities and the length of time permits and inquiries" are the most important Barriers to attracting investment in Fars province, respectively.